Photo credit: Midjourney
Imagine the concrete in our homes and bridges not only withstanding the ravages of time and natural disasters like the intense heat of wildfires, but actively self-healing or capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Now, researchers at the USC Viterbi School of Engineering have developed a revolutionary AI model that can simulate the behavior of billions of atoms simultaneously, opening new possibilities for materials design and discovery at unprecedented scales.
The current state of the world’s climate is a dire one. Brutal droughts, evaporating glaciers, and more disastrous hurricanes, rainstorms and wildfires devastate us each year. A major contributor to global warming is the constant emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Aiichiro Nakano, a USC Viterbi professor of computer science, physics and astronomy, and quantitative and computational biology, was contemplating these issues after the January wildfires in Los Angeles. So, he reached out to longtime partner Ken-Ichi Nomura, a USC Viterbi professor of chemical engineering and materials science practice, with whom he’s collaborated for over 20 years.
Discussing these issues together helped spark their new project: Allegro-FM, an artificial intelligence-driven simulation model. Allegro-FM has made a startling theoretical discovery: it is possible to recapture carbon dioxide emitted in the process of making concrete and place it back into the concrete that it helped produce.
“You can just put the CO2 inside the concrete, and then that makes a carbon-neutral concrete,” Nakano said.
Nakano and Nomura, along with Priya Vashishta, a USC Viterbi professor of chemical engineering and materials science, and Rajiv Kalia, a USC professor of physics and astronomy, have been doing research on what they call “CO2 sequestration,” or the process of recapturing carbon dioxide and storing it, a challenging process.
By simulating billions of atoms simultaneously, Allegro-FM can test different concrete chemistries virtually before expensive real-world experiments. This could accelerate the development of concrete that acts as a carbon sink rather than just a carbon source — concrete production currently accounts for about 8% of global CO2 emissions.
The breakthrough lies in the model’s scalability. While existing molecular simulation methods are limited to systems with thousands or millions of atoms, Allegro-FM demonstrated 97.5% efficiency when simulating over four billion atoms on the Aurora supercomputer at Argonne National Laboratory.
This represents computational capabilities roughly 1,000 times larger than conventional approaches.
The model also covers 89 chemical elements and can predict molecular behavior for applications ranging from cement chemistry to carbon storage.
“Concrete is also a very complex material. It consists of many elements and different phases and interfaces. So, traditionally, we didn’t have a way to simulate phenomena involving concrete material. But now we can use this Allegro-FM to simulate mechanical properties [and] structural properties,” Nomura said.
Concrete is a fire-resistant material, making it an ideal building choice in the wake of the January wildfires. But concrete production is also a huge emitter of carbon dioxide, a particularly concerning environmental problem in a city like Los Angeles. In their simulations, Allegro-FM has been shown to be carbon neutral, making it a better choice than other concrete.
This breakthrough doesn’t only solve one problem. Modern concrete only lasts about 100 years on average, whereas ancient Roman concrete has lasted for over 2,000 years. But the recapture of CO2 can help this as well.
“If you put in the CO2, the so-called ‘carbonate layer,’ it becomes more robust,” Nakano said.
In other words, Allegro-FM can simulate a carbon-neutral concrete that could also last much longer than the 100 years concrete typically lasts nowadays. Now it’s just a matter of building it.
Behind the scenes
The professors led the development of Allegro-FM with an appreciation for how AI has been an accelerator of their complex work. Normally, to simulate the behavior of atoms, the professors would need a precise series of mathematical formulas — or, as Nomura called them, “profound, deep quantum mechanics phenomena.”
But the last two years have changed the way the two research.
“Now, because of this machine-learning AI breakthrough, instead of deriving all these quantum mechanics from scratch, researchers are taking [the] approach of generating a training set and then letting the machine learning model run,” Nomura said. This makes the professors’ process much faster as well as more efficient in its technology use.
Allegro-FM can accurately predict “interaction functions” between atoms — in other words, how atoms react and interact with each other. Normally, these interaction functions would require lots of individual simulations.
But this new model changes that. Originally, there were different equations for individual elements within the periodic table, with several unique functions for these elements. With the help of AI and machine-learning, though, we can now potentially simulate these interaction functions with nearly the entire periodic table at the same time, without the requirement for separate formulas.
“The traditional approach is to simulate a certain set of materials. So, you can simulate, let’s say, silica glass, but you cannot simulate [that] with, let’s say, a drug molecule,” Nomura said.
This new system is also a lot more efficient on the technology side, with AI models making lots of precise calculations that used to be done by a large supercomputer, simplifying tasks and freeing up that supercomputer’s resources for more advanced research.
“[The AI can] achieve quantum mechanical accuracy with much, much smaller computing resources,” Nakano said.
Nomura and Nakano say their work is far from over.
“We will certainly continue this concrete study research, making more complex geometries and surfaces,” Nomura said.
This research was published recently in The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters and was featured as the journal’s cover image.
Published on July 14th, 2025
Last updated on July 14th, 2025